Civil Rights Movement And Christianity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3029 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil Rights Movement Essay Did you like this example? It is not our differences that divide us. It is our inability to recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences.i This quote from Audre Lorde was from a series of poems written in 1994 entitled Our Dead Behind Us. This quote could be used to describe most African Americans mindset a few decades ago when the Civil Rights movement was the most prominent battle going on in the United States. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Rights Movement And Christianity" essay for you Create order Even today, about 50 years later, those words ring true about political beliefs between citizens and politicians over ideas such as health care, international relations, or a wall. The Civil Rights movement is often praised as a political event, but what was the religious and spiritual meaning to it as well? This paper will be looking at the Civil Rights movement that happened in the United States during the 50s and 60s, while also looking at the role of Christianity within that movement, for both the African American protesters looking for freedom, and the white oppressors looking to stop them. Also, it will look at other Civil Rights activists like Malcolm X, whose conversion to Sunni Islam also provided a different out look to Civil Rights activists. The Civil Rights movement began in earnest in the 1950s, although there were actions that occurred prior to that time that focused on civil rights. As early as the late 1890s and early 1900s, African Americans were debating the best way to achieve their rights.ii Should they rise and try to take their rights by force, or should they use a nonviolent tactic and use their words and more polite actions to at least try and get attention to their issue? William James, a great philosopher, once wrote that those who oppose war must create a substitute for wars disciplinary function and a moral equivalent of war.iii While James was giving his speech and promoting this in New York, another nonviolent believer was putting this into action in another part of the world. As we have read throughout this course, Mohandas Gandhi was one of the best advocates for nonviolence. First, he opposed a law that required Indians who were in South Africa to register with the government. Beatings and jail time for the Indians commenced, but a peaceful public outcry ensued because of the violence shown by government officials towards nonviolent Indian protesters. This led to a compromise in South Africa and prompted an idea for Gandhi. He returned to his homeland of India with this new strategy of nonviolence and opposed the British colonization of India for the next forty years. Eventually, the Indian people won independence without fighting a bloody war against the British.iv Gandhis words and actions laid the foundation for nonviolent action, and his work would be utilized and celebrated in the United States during the Civil Rights movement by many other activists, including the most famous one in the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. was born in 1929 to a middle-class African-American family in Atlanta, GA. His childhood could only be described as filled with endless amounts of love, and he credited the hope he always spoke about in his public life and speeches to the secure and loving environment he was raised with.v His life, however, was so much like those who lived around him. Segregation wasnt the problem for King when he was growing up? Rather, it was the oppressive and barbaric acts that grew out of it. Police brutality, legalized prejudice, the terrorism of Ku Klux Klan, and profound economic inequalities were just some of the hurdles he had to overcome early in his life. vi A moment of such horrific treatment came when at the young age of fourteen, King was forced to get up from his bus seat by a white man. Not only was he removed from his seat, but then had to stand for the 90-mile bus ride. King said that injustice will never leave my memory. It was the angriest I have ever been in my life.vii Martin Luther King was one of the most prominent and outspoken people from the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955/56 until his murder in 1968. The quote used at the beginning of this was something that King always preached, talking about your differences and the uniqueness they bring to each individual citizen. These differences are not what divides people, but rather peoples inability to accept them as normal and rather look at differences in skin color as a curse rather than a blessing. But King also had a background that was a unique in the fact that he was a preacher and used the churches as gathering places for nonviolent protestors to meet in peace to discuss methods of action. Faith also helped King to preserve in this work through death and bomb threats to not only himself, but to his wife and daughter as well. So how much does Christianity play a role in instances like this? Probably more than most people realize. Max Stackhouse argues that while the deep roots of human rights ideals are rooted nowhere else than in the biblical tradition, these values remained a minority tradition (within the Church) for centuries.viii What Stackhouse is saying is the idea of all humans having equal opportunity and fair share can be found in biblical faiths and traditions framework. They may not appear to those who look on from the outside, but those within see these ideals through and through. Stackhouses ideas were used to explain the Churchs past in my first source. Charles Villa-Vicencio used this quote in his book entitled Christianity and Human Rights. He says that for hundreds of years Christians promoted religious intolerance against any other religion. However, many of these values and practices are today rejected as contrary to a human rights culture and moral decency.ix Villa Vicencio argues in this text that the relationship between Christianity and the human rights tradition can only enrich society to the extent that the relationship is sustained by mutual critique and correction.x Martin Luther King believed the same thing Vicencio is saying here. Human rights for all people, no matter skin tone, religion, or political party, can only happen through dialogue, debate, and communication and not by segregation and brutality against those who seem different, but really arent. Though Martin Luther King is often given the credit for developing a nonviolent strategy, it can be traced back to the New Testament. Matthew recounts Jesus teaching this very philosophy: You have heard that it was said, ?Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth. But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also (Matthew 5:38-39).xi Scripture was the basis to not only Kings speeches, but to the Civil Rights movement as a whole. Genesis was often quoted by main protestors who said God created all of creation in his image and likeness, meaning black or white, Christian or Protestant, all were created with Gods likeness in mind. These voices were often shut down, but in the 1960s, a new idea was presented. Author Frank Lambert writes of a time where not only were African Americans seen as political and economic outsiders, but religious ones as well. They had enough of being treated not only as second-class citizens, but as second-class human beings. When they were tired and fed up with their cries being heard, they decided to do something about it. These protesters charged the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) establishment with perpetuating a morally bankrupt society that promoted greed, war, racism, and sexism. The new voices offered alternative interpretations of the gospel that were more inclusive and emphasized justice for all.xii What resulted was a grassroots movement that found its greatest power, not in legislative assemblies and courtrooms, but in a determined, persistent, and effective politics out-of-doors, in which an oppressed people broke unjust laws in the name of a higher law.xiii As we ha ve seen today, the marches and protests in the streets of our country tend to have a much bigger impact then those issues brought to court, not because they get things done, but bring issues out to the public eye that may have seemed hidden before. When Martin Luther King was confined in the Birmingham Jail in 1963, he wrote that and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid.xiv Again, we see Kings connection to his faith getting him through the difficult event of being in jail. I often believe that he was portrayed as a present-day Moses, sent to help liberate African-Americans in the United States from something they considered close to slavery. This quote backs that up and talks about the Apostle Paul and his conversion from Christian persecutor to writing letters to the early communities. Of course, black churches werent always this locked in to public issues. Paul Harvey and Phillip Goff edited a chapter in the book The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945. That chapter was entitled Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, and it presents documents that explore the close relationship of religion and the black freedom struggle of the 1950s and 1960s. Harvey and Goff write that it took deep religious faith to sustain the thousands of black Southerners who stood up in the face of white Southern power, endured petty daily harassment as well as more explosive acts of terrorism (beatings, bombings, kidnappings, lynchings, and the like), and sought to redeem the soul of America, as the manifesto of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) proclaimed its mission to be.xv So, because of their faith and the belief in themselves, African-Americans feel what they are doing is important to help redeem America from the racist sins it was committ ing. Now, this paper has sort of a timeline as far as civil rights activists promoting nonviolence to fight for their civil rights. It started with Gandhi and his movement to help India be liberated from the rule of Britain. His work was then studied and applied by Martin Luther King in the United States to help African-Americans fight for equality. Those two and their work affected not only the people they were fighting for, but others who were fighting for a just cause. One such person came to the forefront in 1962 to fight not directly for one race, but many who felt shortchanged with their wages. His name was Cesar Chavez, and the cause was farmworkers whos working conditions were worse from the grape growers who employed them. Chvez organized a series of farmworker strikes in the produce fields in the 1960s, where migrant laborers of Mexican descent toiled for low pay in terrible conditions. Migrant workers had briefly captured the attention of the nation in the 1930s when the Okies, whites from the American South and Southwest, migrated to California in search of work and often ended up picking produce in the fields.xvi Chavez ran into infighting during his movement, so he began a fast for weeks to show his followers that violence may be a quick idea, but it will never allow you to reach your goal. This was true about Ceasar and his fast because it brought the sides together to sign a labor law and begin discussion for better conditions. He gave up his health to help reach a goal, but it was only him who suffered and no one else. The Movement attracted so much attention, that after wrongful arrests of peaceful protestors, senator Robert Kennedy stepped in to support the farmworkers and their movement, whi ch showed that this was much more than a race issue, but a wellness and equality for workers issue. So how did religion and Christianity play into Cesar Chavez and the farmworkers movement? Chicano workers often displayed an image of our Lady of Guadalupe. Our Lady of Guadalupe holds a special place in the religious life of Mexico and is one of the most popular religious devotions. Her image has played an important role as a national symbol of Mexico.xvii Also, before marching, workers often celebrated mass to prepare them for not only the work and journey they will be a part of that day, but also the insults and attacks they may face from opponents who dont believe in their cause. It also gave them the strength not to fight back or go against the nonviolent movement that had brought them so far. During Martin Luther Kings fight for civil rights, there was another activist fighting for the cause named Malcom X. His was the world of Denmark Vesey, Harriet Tubman, and Henry McNeil Turner†a realm where the spiritual answers the existential call of the political. The spiritual and the political constituted a single domain, and this was the world Malcolm X and countless others inhabited.xviii Malcolm X believed that more politicians should be more spiritual, because it would make life so much easier for them as far as laws and political debates. He had an epiphany, they claim, either on his Mecca pilgrimage or shortly after his announcement to leave the Nation of Islam (NOI). Even Malcolm himself at times made similar statements, arguing that the separation was a result of his exposure to true Islam.xix Malcolm said later, there was a split. The split came about primarily because they put me out, and they put me out because of my uncompromising approach to problems I thought should be solved and the movement could solve. (Malcolm X 1992a, 158) So, from all I read about Malcolm X, it seemed that he was somewhat like Martin Luther King in that he used his words to help spread his message. However, unlike King, it seemed Malcolm X wasnt very keen on dialogue and relationship with white oppressors, but rather wanting African-Americans and revolt against them to take over. That wasnt the foundation of what the Civil Rights movement should be. Its the fact that everyone, regardless of the color of their skin, should live in harmony and have equal billing throughout the country, not one over the other. Now, throughout this paper, Ive looked at the Civil Rights Movement and how religion was a driving force throughout its timeline. But, up until this point, Ive only looked at those who were fighting for their civil rights like African-Americans or Mexican farmworkers. We havent really looked at the other side of the coin so to speak, which is the role religion played for white evangelicals during this time period. Perhaps one reason for this scholarly oversight is that this is not a politically progressive story. Evangelicals were opposed to the civil rights movement and did very little in practical terms to advance social justice for African Americans during the 1960s. Most evangelicals resisted the growth of the federal government and legislation that furthered black rights.xx So, Evangelicals were the one religious movement at the time who saw black people fighting for their rights as absurd. The problem back then was the evangelical church got too much into political battles and statements, which in all branches in Christianity is frowned upon White conservative Protestants, in the South and North, insisted that race relations would worsen because agitation would only stoke the fears and hatreds of whites and that government action on behalf of blacks was only a form of coercion. King rejected this reasoning by noting that morals cannot be legislated, but behavior can be regulated.xxi King is saying that he cannot go out and try to change peoples morals or who they are as a person. That would be a losing battle. However, what King is trying to do is put forth ideas and rights for African-Americans within the government that protect them from these people who are segregating them, firing them wrongfully, or refusing to serve them at their restaurant or business because of the color of their skin. That was the point of the Civil Rights movement for King, not a country wide faith conversion, but a political battled fueled by faith to help regulate and handcuff these oppressors. The Civil Rights movement wasnt just one battle for African-Americans led by MLK, but rather many movements for different reasons to help those less fortunate than others who were wrongfully being stripped of their rights. Because of activists like MLK, Cesar Chavez, Malcolm X, and Gandhi, different groups of people from farmworkers to regular citizens were looked at and treated differently, like they belonged in the country. This battle for equality hasnt been one yet, as movements like Black Lives Matter show us today that this fight may never end. But its a fight we cannot give up on, and it the forefront of this fight for equal rights, religion is a crutch that these men and women can lean on in order to guide them through the long journey they undertake every day. Works Cited Evans, Curtis J. White Evangelical Protestant Responses to the Civil Rights Movement. The Harvard Theological Review, vol. 102, no. 2, 2009, pp. 245â€Å"273 Harvey, Paul, and Philip Goff, editors. Religion and the Civil Rights Movement. The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945, Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 135â€Å"198. Lambert, Frank. Civil Rights as a Religious Movement: Politics in the Streets. Religion in American Politics: A Short History, STU Student edition ed., Princeton University Press, 2008, pp. 160â€Å"183 Abdullah, Zain. Malcolm X, Islam, and the Black Self. Malcolm Xs Michigan Worldview: An Exemplar for Contemporary Black Studies, edited by Rita Kiki Edozie and Curtis Stokes, Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, 2015, pp. 205â€Å"226. Audre Lorde, Our Dead Behind Us: Poems When and how did the Civil Rights movement begin? eNotes, 9 Oct. 2011, William James, Moral Equivalent of War, 352, 353, 356. Gandhi, Essential Gandhi, Autobiography Martin Luther King, Autobiography, King, Stride toward Freedom, 90 King, Testament of Hope, 343 Max Stackhouse, Religion and Human Rights: A Theological Apologetic

The Grounds, Techniques And Effectiveness Of Offender...

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Importance of Early Education for Literacy Settings- myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theImportance of Early Education for Literacy Settings. Answer: Introduction Young children are like learning sponges. Early education is more about molding and honing a child, which eventually forms the foundation of their fruitful future. There have been debates over the past years regarding the types of program eligible for simple care and education. In addition to this, the major concern of modern days early education programs ensures that the teaching is of higher quality, as it acts as an investment for their lifelong journey (Gordon Browne, 2013). A union of leaders formed the early education for all campaign in order to have accessibility to high quality education for the children in Massachusetts. The research paper throws light on the importance of early childhood education and the bond they share with their educators and parent. Early education is given to the children in order to improve their skills and knowledge at a young age. Present literacy settings Early childhood learning contributes to the overall development of the childs personality. They learn the most at their young age, by adopting all new behavior, words and experiences coming to their way. Their parents also have a greater impression on their future. The children learn from their parents how to socialize, behave with the elder ones and cooperate. Therefore, the parents behavior has a larger impact on them. Early childhood educators need to have an idea of their jobs importance. They must research on the benefits of early education and its necessity. The involvement of children in early educational programs can have numerous impacts on their minds (Essa, 2012). Gaining an understanding of these impacts allow an educator to give their best and work harder every day, for improving the methods. Early education assists the children in understanding the societal differences and accepting those. Interviewing the educators and visiting classrooms have given a brief analysis of the current literacy settings at pre schools. Those are discussed in this part of the report; Shared reading programs A shared reading program is an interactive process, where the educators and children shares the texts and read it. It benefits the child by improving their reading skills, taking care of the fluency as well as accuracy. The teachers read out the texts loudly and clearly, and ask the students to repeat the words and sentences. In this way, their vocabulary, listening skills and speaking power enhances. Shared readings benefit the students in gaining skills and knowledge (Campbell et al., 2012). Reading aloud In this process, the teachers select a particular passage and help the student in reading it aloud. This benefits the students in building self confidence and enhancing their out knowledge. Moreover, through this process the children pay more attention in class and develop their communication skills. Educators also lay emphasize on the childrens pronunciation patterns (John Sons, 2014). Guided reading Guided reading patterns allow the teachers to form small groups and segregate those for delivering reading instructions, keeping the students reading level into consideration. Shared readings and reading aloud are done for the entire classs benefit. However, guided readings enhance their behavioral skills to a greater level (Gordon Browne, 2013). Missing word In this method, the teachers knowingly remove a letter from a particular word or sentence and ask the children to identify the word missing. This helps in involving the children into analytical behaviors, which improves their problem solving and reading skills. This particular practice prohibits them from making any kind of spelling errors. In addition to this, they get to know the right meaning of the words as well as sentences (Essa, 2012). Vocabulary skills Enhancing vocabulary skills is a major part of a balanced literary program. This technique helps the student in finding out the meaning of the given words. The teachers read out comparatively difficult sentences and words and make the children repeat those, ensuring that they understand the meanings. Phonetic way of learning benefits the students by enhancing their spelling and vocabulary power (Duhn, 2012). Interactive writing In this process, the teachers and their students practice by writing together. The educator may write on introduction and the students are instructed to complete the whole paragraph, as per their choice. This benefits the children by enhancing their innovative and creative skills. The teachers provide the children with full freedom, in order to utilize their knowledge and thus promote creativity (Egan, 2012). Reading patterns In many kindergartens and pre schools, children are taught in different playful manners which may include singing, dancing and others. It enhances their memorizing power in a greater way, as repetitive words runs in their tiny minds. Surveys have shown that children learn more effectively and efficiently if they are taught in a playful manner. Even the children love this rhythmic way of learning, which in turn increases their memorizing capabilities and knowledge (Campbell et al., 2012). Instructions for better early learning settings A comprehensive and balanced approach for early learning development can benefit the children in a more efficient manner. Therefore, essential procedures are to be taken at the pre schools as well as at their homes. Following are some major instructions for better early learning settings; Workshops Several workshops conducted in pre schools engage the parents of the children. It is a sort of interactive session between the teachers and the parents. The parents come to know about their kids progress and improvement. In such sessions, the parents must be given lectures on tackling their kids. At homes, parents should give adequate time to their kids and keep a track of their progress. In order to enhance their reading skills, the children must have independent reading time (Calderon, 2012). It is to be kept in mind that young children learn the most at their homes. Therefore, parents need to be interactive and supportive towards their children. Teaching them playfully would benefit a lot, keeping the childs psychology into consideration. The children must be given the opportunity to perform what they love, or else there could be a chance of them becoming stubborn. In a similar manner, they must be given the time to write or paint as per their choice. It will help enhance their writing skills and also improve their handwriting (Bruce, 2012). Disabilities Disabled children need proper care at an early age. For instance; parents of deaf children needs to be affluent with the sign languages. This will help the child learn through usual processes. Educators as well as parents need to be the most interactive for the children with disabilities. If they do not receive any early training, the education procedure will get hampered. The educators need to take care that they are not facing any issues coping up with the environment. At times, it is found that the disabled children lack self confidence. Therefore, the educators and parents need to build in the confidence. This will help them deal with their in-capabilities in a positive way (Baquedano Lpez, Alexander Hernandez, 2013). Health and nutrition Early childhood education also involves proper health and nutrition trainings in pre schools as well as at their homes. It helps in enhancing the childrens ability for leading a healthy lifestyle. Moreover, basic trainings on physical activities and hygiene must be given to the kids at an early stage. Educating the kids regarding hygiene, safety, nutrition, prevention of diseases, would highly contribute into their personality development (Brooks Gunn, Berlin Fuligni, 2013). Group work Group tasks or projects help young children learn the importance of team work. It also helps them become cooperative with other team members. This sort of activities must be encouraged as it enhances team effectiveness. Moreover, the children must be given the opportunity to mix with every diverse group. Group works are beneficial for the development of a child and it enables him/her know the importance of maintaining peace and harmony (Bredekamp, 2016). Socialization Just like team work, socialization is also important at the early stage of a child. It is to be kept in mind that children have ample amount of opportunities to socialize with others, but in a safe environment. They must be given examples of safe as well as unsafe environment. It is to be done at an early stage as it helps the children overcome their shyness and gain confidence. Moreover, it also adds up to their development in the social aspect (Ahmad Esa, 2017). Cooperation and respect Children must learn how to cooperate and respect their elder ones as well as their friends. They must be encouraged to cooperate with others, but in a safe environment. This is more crucial for the elder child, as they have the tendency of not sharing things with their siblings. Parents need to take active part in this and teach them proper values, manners and etiquettes. In addition to this, kindergartens and pre schools must teach them to give proper respect to others, for civilizing them and making them a good human being (John Sons, 2014). Conclusion To conclude, children require several opportunities in order to get engaged into various social experiences. This will help them explore and practice the social skills of being patient. The report discusses about the importance of early learning and development, which contributes to their development. In addition to this, it provides some recommendations on how it can be done. Furthermore, a sense of well being will help the child develop their self esteem, optimism and self confidence. It also encourages them to explore their own skills, interests and talents. Positive interactions promote a positive view of the child. This allows them to approach and face any tough situation, with utmost confidence. References Ahmad, N. F., Esa, A. (2017). Early childhood education.Psychology, 47787-47789. Baquedano Lpez, P., Alexander, R. A., Hernandez, S. J. (2013). Equity issues in parental and community involvement in schools: What teacher educators need to know.Review of Research in Education,37(1), 149-182. Bredekamp, S. (2016).Effective practices in early childhood education: Building a foundation. Boston: Pearson. Brooks Gunn, J., Berlin, L. J., Fuligni, A. S. (2013). Early childhood intervention programs: What about the family?. Bruce, T. (2012).Early childhood education. Hachette UK. Calderon, R. (2012). Parental involvement in deaf children's education programs as a predictor of child's language, early reading, and social-emotional development.Journal of deaf studies and deaf education,5(2), 140-155. Campbell, F. A., Pungello, E. P., Burchinal, M., Kainz, K., Pan, Y., Wasik, B. H., ... Ramey, C. T. (2012). Adult outcomes as a function of an early childhood educational program: an Abecedarian Project follow-up.Developmental psychology,48(4), 1033. Duhn, I. (2012). Making placefor ecological sustainability in early childhood education.Environmental Education Research,18(1), 19-29. Egan, K. (2012).Primary understanding: Education in early childhood(Vol. 27). Routledge. Essa, E. L. (2012).Introduction to early childhood education. Cengage Learning. Gordon, A. M., Browne, K. W. (2013).Beginnings beyond: Foundations in early childhood education. Cengage learning. John, W., Sons, (2014). Reproduction and Communication for educational purposes. In 2014, National Library of Australia, (pp. 97-125)

Non-restrictive elements & parallel structure Essays - Literature

Non-restrictive elements parallel structure Read the sentence. Nia, my best friend, scored the winning goal. Which is the best revision of the sentence? Nia my best friend scored the winning goal. Nia, my best friend scored the winning goal. Nia my best friend, scored the winning goal. no change Top of Form Which sentence is written correctly? I wrote a letter (to the mayor) asking for increased funding for our schools. Earning a spot on the football team (which has won the championship the last two years) is quite an accomplishment. Martin a safe driver was able to pass his driving test on the first attempt. A new bakery, and coffee shop, will open on campus next fall in time for the start of the new fall semester. Bottom of Form Top of Form Which sentence contains parallel structure? Jalen folded the application, placing it in the envelope. Jalen folded the application and placed it in the envelope. Jalen, folding the application, placed it in the envelope. Jalen folded the application and placing it in the envelope. Bottom of Form Top of Form Read the sentence. Jalen picked up his camera and began taking pictures of the majestic mountains and the magnificent sunset. Which elements of this sentence are parallel? "mountains" and "magnificent" "camera" and "taking pictures" "picked up" and "taking" "majestic mountains" and "magnificent sunset" Bottom of Form Top of Form Read the sentence. The lawyer presented a clear argument to the jury it was unbelievable how influenced they were by his case in the hopes of winning the trial. Which is the best revision of the sentence? The lawyer presented a clear argument to the jury (it was unbelievable how influenced they were by his case) in hope of winning the trial. The lawyer presented a clear argument to the juryit was unbelievable how influenced they were by his casein hope of winning the trial. The lawyer presented a clear argument to the jury, it was unbelievable how influenced they were by his case, in hope of winning the trial. no change Bottom of Form Top of Form Which sentence contains parallel structure? Jonah has two ultimate goals: becoming a published columnist and writing a book. Jonah has two ultimate goals: becoming a published columnist and to write a book. Jonah's two ultimate goals are to become a published columnist and writing a book. Jonah's two ultimate goals are becoming a published columnist and to write a book. Bottom of Form Top of Form Which sentence is written correctly? Karina, the new student body president, was previously the class treasurer. Karina the new student body president, was previously the class treasurer. Karina, the new student body president was previously the class treasurer. Karina the new student body president was previously the class treasurer. Bottom of Form Top of Form Which sentence is written correctly? Maggie broke her leg, while jumping into the pool, and has to wear a cast for eight weeks. Snow cones, a tasty treat, can be found in many delicious flavors. The musicians, performed their hit songs, at the weekend concert. Mike, has lost 40 pounds, because he started eating healthy and running each day. Bottom of Form Top of Form Which sentence is written correctly? The, local market, has the freshest produce and meats in town. Takeko , a painting student offered to help with a sculpting demonstration. The store offers, many products, which can be personalized with your initials. Sarah, Matt's wife, works as a business software developer. Bottom of Form Top of Form Which sentence is written correctly? Kellenwho graduated with honors, will study microorganisms, sensory neurons, and potential energy. Kellen who graduated with honorswill study microorganisms, sensory neurons, and potential energy. Kellen, who graduated with honors, will study microorganisms, sensory neurons, and potential energy. Kellen, who graduated with honors will study microorganismssensory neurons, and potential energy. Bottom of Form Research Workshop: Generating research ? evaluation Look at the MLA citation for an online source. "Let's Eat for the Health of It." USDA . The U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services, June 2011. Web. http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/MyPlate/DG2010Brochure.pdf. What is missing from this citation? the name of the author the title of

Poverty Humanitarian Aid and Main Goal Essay

Poverty Humanitarian Aid and Main Goal Essay Poverty: Humanitarian Aid and Main Goal Essay Teresa Oliveira Ruth Taronno Introduction to International Development Studies 5 March 2015 The Role of Media in Our Society Media plays a significant role in our society nowadays. We are constantly bombarded with information without being aware of it for the majority of the time. It is all around us, from the news we listen to on the radio, the documentaries we watch on television and to the books and magazines we read each day. Poverty is an international issue that affects all nations, some more than others, and because it is a common issue, media tends to portray it in a more drastic way, in order to get our attention. The media marginalizes people by showing the public what they want to see, usually stereotyping different groups of people, and indirectly infixing a distorted view of reality in our heads. The information the media divulgates can be very biased about a story, advertisements, or coverage on different social issue, because its main goal is to make a story sounds interesting, outrageous and different, just so they can make money out of it. As part of the audience, we cannot evaluate the accuracy of the stories we read or the images we view without direct personal experience or specific background knowledge of the issue. Furthermore, highly politicized issues are likely to reflect the interests of a dominant social group, causing less powerful groups to be stereotyped and devalued (Bullock). The messages conveyed by the media are important because the media has the power, to a certain level, to manipulate people’s feelings. Depending on the way they portray their point of view, it can make us feel all types of emotions, and easily affect our judgment. Although poverty is one of the most devastating problems faced by many countries, stories about the poor are relatively rare on television nowadays. When exposed to so much information, from all around the world, our brains start to ignore it. In the article Famine as photo op by Will Braun talks about how media uses certain types of photos to show their audience what they want us to see. ‘’The distended belly is back in the news. It’s a shocking sight – a motionless, blank-eyed Somali child with emasculated limbs, a seemingly over-sized head and a swollen abdomen. Or maybe it isn’t shocking’’ (Braun), but we are so used to seeing these photos everywhere that we became numb to them. Will Braun brings up the question ‘’If the images numb us, is the fault the photographer’s or ours?’’(Braun). Because of the unlimited access we have to information, or attention span is becoming shorter and shorter each day, which causes the media to try harder to reach us. ‘’The average international story on national television news in the United States lasts one minute and twenty seconds. On that basis alone, it appears almost inevitable that there will be misreporting, even if inadvertent, on the journalist’s side and misunderstanding on the viewer’s’’ (Rieff). The lack of background information can lead us to make assumptions, and those assumptions can turn into negative beliefs and reinforce stereotypes. The media has power. Disaster areas that are covered by the news tend to get our sympathy and humanitarian intervention. Media coverage is critical for the fundraising efforts of international development NGOs in times of emergency. ‘’When the media gets involved, the public is aroused and public emotion can become so intense that UN work is undermined – constructive

Free Essays on The Burden Of Proof

â€Å"burden of proof† are not specifically mentioned within the U.S. Constitution however is implied in a several amendments. The burden of proof and where it lies has been the subject of many court cases and decisions. There are plenty of questions in the area of burden such as; where does it lie in civil suits, in what cases is the prosecutor bear more of the burden and where does the defendant, and so on. Many of the research provided here is from court cases and decisions that have shaped how the burden of proof is balanced. The constitution is used to shape the decisions that were reached by these court cases. In the Fourth amendment Americans are guaranteed to â€Å"†¦ be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (U.S. Constitution). There are a number of court cases that outline the requirements for searches without a warrant. Searches without a warrant require the owner or occupant’s permission and the law is specific in where the burden lies in situations where consent is granted to search. â€Å"Government has burden of proving that search without warrant was consented to by the defendant† (Kovach v U.S., 1971). In another case the question was raised as to whether the prosecutor must also prove that the search was consented to freely and voluntarily by the property owner. â€Å"When search is grounded upon consent burden of justification of search, that is, that consent was freely and voluntarily given, falls sq uarely upon prosecution; question is one of mental awareness so that act of consent was consensual act of one who knew what he was doing and had reasonable appreciation of nature and significance ... Free Essays on The Burden Of Proof Free Essays on The Burden Of Proof Burden of proof is defined as â€Å"the level of proof which different parties are required to demonstrate to persuade a jury or judge in a civil or criminal case.† The words â€Å"burden of proof† are not specifically mentioned within the U.S. Constitution however is implied in a several amendments. The burden of proof and where it lies has been the subject of many court cases and decisions. There are plenty of questions in the area of burden such as; where does it lie in civil suits, in what cases is the prosecutor bear more of the burden and where does the defendant, and so on. Many of the research provided here is from court cases and decisions that have shaped how the burden of proof is balanced. The constitution is used to shape the decisions that were reached by these court cases. In the Fourth amendment Americans are guaranteed to â€Å"†¦ be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (U.S. Constitution). There are a number of court cases that outline the requirements for searches without a warrant. Searches without a warrant require the owner or occupant’s permission and the law is specific in where the burden lies in situations where consent is granted to search. â€Å"Government has burden of proving that search without warrant was consented to by the defendant† (Kovach v U.S., 1971). In another case the question was raised as to whether the prosecutor must also prove that the search was consented to freely and voluntarily by the property owner. â€Å"When search is grounded upon consent burden of justification of search, that is, that consent was freely and voluntarily given, falls sq uarely upon prosecution; question is one of mental awareness so that act of consent was consensual act of one who knew what he was doing and had reasonable appreciation of nature and significance ...

Frankl Narration of the Concentration Camp Essay - 4

Frankl Narration of the Concentration Camp - Essay Example The introduction of the story whereby he relates the initiation with a lot of shock in the camp, the experience and adapting of the camps duties and routine and lastly he explains of the reactions of the deformity and mental anguish liberated. Frankly explains this by incorporating the ideas of the experience he persevered while he was working in a harsh condition. According to Frankl, a good life can only be attained if an individual finds the meaning of life and maneuvers over the hardships of life. He emphasizes that there are also three methods or ways in which an individual can find the meaning of the life. The first is changing the personal challenges into achievement, then establishing a need or work and finally encountering and experiencing something.Frankl never admitted the divine revelation of the bible and he argued that the salvation of mankind is through practicing the love among other peoples. Frankly accepts the fact that he wrote the book to strengthen his wife’s faith and make her see things in the perspective of reality not necessarily faith and believe as others do.Frankl was prominent in showing how those who suffer should control themselves and see the positive value of nature and not to rely on the mere faith and believe. He tries to show them how after suffering they can control their inner soul which is unlike th e lords' teachings in the bible. This portrays his character as a man who differed with the lords teaching and thus he could be compared with a pagan. In the theory of logotherapy, Frankl tried to explain that life is composed of challenges and struggles which are bad and good but a person should have motivation and courage toward being the victor. He also argues that an individual should fight against the blocks in life and derive the meaning of life through overcoming such suffering.

African Short Story + Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

African Short Story + Questions - Coursework Example At the end of the story, the young boy walks to the bend of the river and forces himself to vomit the handful of grapes he has consumed. This is symbolic of his loss of innocence with regard to the grandfather whom he has hitherto idolized and loved wholeheartedly. The dates, which the boy considers to rightfully belong to Masood, have been given to the boy by his grandfather. They have come to signify the payment of a debt. This leaves a bad taste in the sensitive boy’s mouth. He vomits the dates to distance himself from his grandfather’s actions. The boy, in the innocence of his youth, takes things at face value. He obviously adores and idolizes his grandfather, considering him to be a â€Å"giant† among men. His sense of identity is centered round the mosque and in relation to his grandfather – the approval of the imam and that of his grandfather are equally important to him. He is a lover of nature, and empathizes with Masood’s concern for the date trees. He is sympathetic to the poor man’s plight. The grandfather is an avaricious, ruthless man, whose rise in social position has been at the cost of his humanity. He is obviously a powerful man in the community. His hypocrisy is evident in his reciting of his prayers and his approval of his grandson’s knowledge of the Koran, while simultaneously holding Masood in the vice of debt. He considers land to be the symbol of power and determinedly covets the little Masood still owns. He is jealous of Masood’s inherited wealth. Masood is a man who loves the land which he has inherited. His concern for nature is evident in his admonition to the boy, â€Å"Be careful you dont cut the heart of the palm.† Despite being helpless to overcome the debt and poverty, he sings and laughs and takes delight in life. His attachment to his ancestral land is deep, and is not just in terms of material

President Clintons Essay Example for Free

President Clintons Essay DeMan (1988) argued that most of the problems and hindrances to Implementing GIS in the earlier days of this technology are rooted in organisational and not technical. Understanding the organisation within which GIS are to function is fundamental to understanding the challenges of development and implementation. (Peuquet and Bacastow 1991) Peuquet and Bacastow (1991) examined the U. S. Armys digital topographic support systems (DTSS). The issues looked into were the organisational context, the elements of the development, history of the system, the recognition of some fundamental factors that had frustrated the development of DTSS. What they discovered were: For Organisational commitment to change- effective organisation of GIS needs not only people able to employ the technology but also people willing to employ the technology. The willingness depends on both the individuals and the organisation, this to overcome the long and pervasive resistance to innovation within both government and business (Morrison1966) Development of GISs is a mutual efforts- Management at all levels, as well as the prospective end-user must actively be involved through all the phases of the development process. A true appropriate functional requirement can only be derived with the detailed knowledge of the organisation uniquely possessed by those within the organisation. Sahay and Walsham (1996) identify factors and conditions under which GIS implementation is impeded or enabled, which they term as inhibiting and enabling factors respectively. INHIBITING FACTORS Data: This relates to its availability on appropriate scales, usability problems because of the over dependence on remotely-sensed data, quality problems due to maps being outdated, and non-standardised format of data that are not supported by standard software. Manpower: reflects an acute shortage of trained manpower that has the ability to understand and use GIS, and the general lack of awareness of GIS, especially among the planners. The dominance of GIS technocrats contributes to organisational issues being made subservient to technical concerns during implementation. Structure: relates to decision-making styles and the forms of developing country organisations decision-making (normal central), left to officials with inadequate knowledge about the technology and are responsible for taking critical decisions related to implementation. The sect oral form of organisation, the lack of appropriate policies to enable co-ordination, often leads to duplication of efforts. Financial: proves constraints in acquiring and maintaining GIS systems, also restricts the development and maintenance of training and research programmes . It is discovered that finding of a GIS project often comes as a pat of an aid package and the long times involvement in implementing GIS makes it difficult to provide sustained funding. ENABLING FACTORS Approaches: development of approaches that provides sustenance and by developing local expertise that would take over from the expatriates. Practices: development practices that smoothen transition of people from their existing ways of doing work to using GIS. For example enabling users to receive prior exposure to mapping systems and allowing systems development to take place in an incremental and evolving manner. Institutional Mechanisms: appropriate policy level initiatives around GIS . For example private companies and international aid agencies to aid in establishment of national level GIS institutions that would contribute to the development of local expertise. Sahay and Walsham (1996) basing their research of implementation of GIS in India, on the theoretical framework for their work was developed, using the concept social context of social context and processes, implementation and the linkages between context and process. Based on current thinking in IS implementation research (Walsham 1993). The Social context refers to conditions which are antecedent or given to the process for example the national culture of the country in which the system is being implemented. Implementation Process: this includes the adoption of decisions installation of apiece of hardware, acquisition, utilisation, acceptance or rejection of the GIS within the organisational context. Linkage between context and process: understanding of the interaction between the two. The social context may both enable and constraint the implementation process to evolve in certain ways, which can reinforce or reshape the existing, conditions. 5. 5. 2 PUBLIC ACCESS TO GEOGRAPHIC DATA In Europe, a European commission Directives of April 1990) required that all official agencies of all members states must make available all their environmental holdings of information to the general public a t reasonable cost (CEC1990). It is argued that it is not clear what constitutes environmental information, but certainly topographical information would seen to be a necessary part. Nor is it clear what constitutes reasonable cost except in so far as some organisation in any country should expect to Price its products in this category much more highly than other organisations in the same country or in others within the European Community. Geographical data and information is derived by aggregation to areas from bureaucratically compiled records pertaining to individuals, however some geographical data are not in aggregate form and their supply to a third party may then transgress regulations on privacy. However legislation on privacy constraints the uses to which such data may be put only when it is held in computer form. It is accepted generally that access to some geographical data may not be appropriate for example data created for military purposes. Many countries show immense differences in practice currently exist in data dissemination and policies. Many of the European countries are inclined to recoup as much as possible while U. S. A. Sees that almost free provision of federal government data as an entitlement of the citizen and as a precaution against the garnering of power by cliques through their sole access to information It seems no one has yet found a logical basis for charging for the use of topographic data. The price elasticity of geographical information is limited, especially where competitive products exist and except where the use of official products is required by statute. It is note that the development of brokering and legal advice services for geographical data seems very probable and this is likely to flourish on a national basis. NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURES Government agencies are involved as main external providers of geographical information for most operational applications of GIS, they also exert a profound influence on national developments which resulted in a phenomenon, Rhind (1996,1998) called a cocktail of laws, policies, conventions and precedents, which determines the availability and price of spatial data (Masser 1999). Traced back to the mid 60s the trend in which many governments throughout the world began to think more strategically about information needs, data collection, and the resources needed to deliver information to a wider markets; the potential of computer, cased surveying and mapping systems for creating multi-user, multi-purpose databases for the public administration was recognised. This vision was lost in the 70s and early 80s as the emphasis of how as spatial information systems were implemented for a wide variety of purposes within traditional institutional frameworks. (McLaughlin 1991 cited in masser1999). Later the focus shifted back to matters of geographical information and its use in society in the late 80s. TableI: the first generation of national data infrastructures. The table shows titles of some countries national initiatives, even though the terms used very from country to country three elements are of common: They are explicit national in nature; Refer to geographic information, spatial data, geospatial data, or in one case, to land information; Refer to terms such as infrastructure, system or framework, which imply the existence of some form of co-ordination mechanism for policy formulation and implementation purposes. They are term the first generation of national spatial data infrastructures (NSDI) These first generation NSDI have differences in terms of geography, levels of economic development and systems of government. DRIVING FORCES TO ESTABLISHMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURES Masser (1999) argues that two basic themes underlie these national spatial data infrastructures which are: growing importance of geographical information in the coming age of digital technology; and need from some form of government intervention to co-ordinate data acquisition and availability, Reports of the interest of some chief executives on these themes are: President Clintons Executive order for the National spatial data Infrastructure: Geographic information is critical to promote economic development, Improve our stewardship of natural resources and to protect the environment. Modern technology now permits improved acquisition, distribution, and utilisation of geographic (or geospatial) data and Mapping . (Executive office of the president 1994)

Conversion Efficiency of Active Energy and Solar Energy Essay -- Solar

Conversion Efficiency of Active Energy and Solar Energy Solar technology already boasts a century of R&D, requires no toxic fuels and relatively little maintenance, is inexhaustible, and, with adequate financial support, is capable of becoming directly competitive with conventional technologies in many locations. These attributes make solar energy one of the most promising sources for many current and future energy needs. As Frank Shuman declared more than 80 years ago, it is "the most rational source of power." The average amount of solar energy arriving on top of the atmosphere is 1,330 watts per square meter. The amount reaching the earth’s surface is 10,000 times more than all commercial energy used annually. Until recently, this energy source has been too diffused and low intensity to capitalize for electricity. Solar energy is a renewable resource and is converted to electrical energy in two ways - using photovoltaic materials which generate an electrical potential when exposed to light or using a thermal process that uses the energy from the sun to heat a working fluid in an electricity generating cycle. Another way of looking at it is as passive and active solar energy. Now you might be wondering what is meant by active and passive, isn’t all transformation of energy active? Passive solar energy relates to systems that are relating to solar radiation and angles to define solar positions which work with heating and cooling systems. To generate the higher temperatures necessary to make steam to generate electricity, the sunlight must be concentrated. Solar thermal technology often uses reflectors, in the form of parabolic concentrators or flat mirrors, to focus the sun's rays onto a water-filled pipe, known as 'abso... ...veloped thin film technology is hydrogenated amorphous silicon. This is the material normally used in consumer applications, although it is used, but less frequently, in power modules. The efficiency of commercial amorphous silicon modules has improved from around 3.5 % in the early 1980's to over 7% currently. The most efficient modules are made with multiple layers of photovoltaic material, for instance three layer amorphous silicon modules with germanium added to two of the layers (a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe) which have a record cell efficiency of 13.5 %. Other types of thin films can be made using polycrystalline silicon, cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). Today's solar panels are made with silicon. The silicon usually has impurities, which limits its efficiency. Purifying a chemical is too expensive. For that reason, smaller is better.

Manage group living Essay

Introduction (What you are going to cover in this document) I am going to cover group living for adults. There are various groups living for adults and each have a positive and negative impact. Group living can be beneficial for adults who are unsafe to live on their own and for individuals who are lonely. I will focus on residential care for group living. When individuals reach the stage where either they or their families have to decide it will be of their best interests to be moved into residential care, there are many factors that influence this. Age Mental capacity to make decisions Safety factors/risks Financial Living in a group can pose problems as individuals are brought together, individuals may not always get on with one another due to their views, morals, background and general preferences. The difficulties is pleasing everyone and ensuring they all live amicably together. The benefits in group living is having companionship/friendship and plenty of activities that they can attend with individuals they know and live with, still enabling them to have their own space and privacy if they so wish. Various group living: Residential care Elderly care complexes Hostels Supported living Residential enables 24 hour care Elderly complexes ensures they have a warden and activities if they so wish to join in, care provisions if they so wish Hostels are temporary living Supported living offers more choice and freedom, activities, meal provisions and warden input, where if needed they can have homecare provisions. Whichever an individual or their families choose they all have to promote a happy/safe environment for individuals, ensuring they meet standards set out for residential or group living provisions. Every group living environment/care home has to meet standards set out by the government, these are monitored by CQC, GSCC and local authorities to ensure standards are met. Within group living the environment has to be safe, clean and ensure individuals wellbeing, while Promoting their independence and uphold their rights to human necessities. It is important that standards identify the requirements associated with leading and managing group living provision; it includes developing the physical environment, daily living activities and group activities in such a way that they support the achievement of positive outcomes for individuals. By respecting each individual and their individuality, making a setting that enables individuals choice, freedom and to be able to express themselves. Comfort and warmth, meal choices and variation, respecting cultures and backgrounds and focusing on their wellbeing, health and happiness. Fitness for purpose: The regulatory powers provided by the CSA are designed to ensure that care home managers, staff and premises are ‘fit for their purpose’. In applying the standards, regulators will look for evidence that a home whether providing a long-term placement, short-term rehabilitation, nursing care or specialist service is successful in achieving its stated aims and objectives. Comprehensiveness: Life in a care home/group living is made up of a range of services and Facilities which may be of greater or lesser importance to different individuals. In applying the standards, regulators ensure the service package offered by the care home contributes to the overall personal and health care needs and preferences of individuals and how the home works with others services / professionals to ensure the individual’s inclusion in the community. Meeting assessed needs: In applying the right standards, inspectors will look for Evidence that the care home meets needs of individuals and that Individuals’ changing needs continue to be met. The assessment and service user plan carried out in the care home should be based on the care management. Individual care plans that meets and specifies their needs. Good residential care poses a variety of challenges, and requires high levels of expertise and creative ability from managers, staff and external supports. They need to be committed to enabling residents to take as much responsibility as possible for the planning and management of their own care. Managers should adopt a planned approach to meeting the needs and promoting the potential of individual residents, within a regime and culture for the unit, and groups within it, which provides the right balance of security, stimulation and scope for independence. ( Et al CQC website residential care) Quality services: The Government’s modernising agenda, including the new regulatory framework, aims to ensure greater assurance of quality services rather than having to live with second best. In applying the standards, regulators will seek evidence of a commitment to continuous improvement, quality services, support, accommodation and facilities which assure a good quality of life for individuals It is important individual have rights to their own choices that include risks. The risks they take need to be evaluated to ensure the decision does not outweigh the risk to individual or others. The difficulty within group living is what may be safe for one individual may not be for another, for instance one individual may be safe to come and go as they please whereas another may need supervision to go outdoors. This can pose a problem if fully independent individual leaves access door open or invite an unsafe party to go outdoors with them. There are risks associated with everyday living but ensuring everyone’s safety can be a challenge. Ensuring equipment, living quarters, and environment is kept safe and secure while promoting independence and choice. If a risk cannot be eliminated I would look at ways to reduce the risk, this way the individual is still in control but has measures in place to ensure their safety and the safety of  others. Addressing risks with individuals and fully informing them why something is classed as a risk enables them to make an informed decision as to if they want to continue to take the risk, dependant on the severity. Working with individual and listening to how they deem or see something works, but if they are adamant and the risk out weights the benefits then measure have to be put in place. The physical environment can promote wellbeing by having a nice homely atmosphere, allowing each individual to contribute to this. The lighting, warmth, setting, fixtures and fittings as well as what activities everyone enjoys and encouraging all parties to participate. By having a safe but nice environment it promotes wellbeing, by allowing and including individual to say what they like and dislike promotes inclusion. Encouraging them to participate in various activities gives stimulation and helps build friendships within group living. It is also important that the staff have good training and engage with individuals, that they remain friendly and impartial. Choice is one of the main factors whether this be meals, settings, activities getting the right balance and promoting their independence and involvement. All this contribute to their wellbeing and happiness. If the environment was a cold, damp, dark, with no opportunities for activities, there was no freedom of choice and made individual have set meals, toileting times and took their rights and independence away, I cannot imagine any individual would be happy and their wellbeing would decline. Maintaining and the upkeep of furnishings and decorations are important, the cost of this can be substantial, with the right budgeting and setting aside of finances will help maintain this, that way the upkeep can be maintained and the finances will be readily available. Part of this reflects in the amount it will cost for individuals to live there. Another way is to hold charity/fundraising days. I believe you can have cut backs but still maintain quality assurance without delivering low quality surroundings. Part of this is looking after the environment, if the environment is of good  quality to begin with individuals are more likely to maintain this and respect it as their home. Not allowing items that need repairing to get to the stage where they are in repairable or unsafe. Ensuring electrical items and gas servicing is maintained, this is a legal requirement within group living environments. Ensuring the environment is kept clean, safe and hygienic maintains it’s daily living requirements and reduces the risk of cross contamination. There has to be adequate space for each individual and the correct amount of staff ratio. When making decisions regarding the environment it is important that the individuals who live there are included, they may want some of their own belongings, like a chair of dressing table. All of these things are important to them as without been given the choice they will feel as though it is not their home. Each individual will have different taste, likes and dislikes, although this may prove difficult to please each one, if each one has some input they will feel included and are more likely to come together as a group to decide on what everyone wants. This should include decisions down to cost, what furniture, fitments; decorations they feel are the most important and make their environment safe, the safety aspect needs to be looked at the same as comfort. Chairs that support individuals and offer the right height, wash ability etc. Beds, dining room furniture, decor, plants, pictures, easy access between chairs. Ensuring the environment offers stimulation and relaxation. Daily activities are an important part of group living and these also need to be agreed upon. Trips, bingo, sing-along’s, flower arranging, exercise classes, outdoor activities, gardening, vegetable plots and planting. By offering choice and ensuring daily activity times are adhered to,  implementing an activities co-ordinator and ensuring staff encourage participation and inclusion of individuals and staff. It is nice for individuals when family members attend and this should be encouraged when possible. The best times for activities tend to be afternoons and early evening times. By offering activities throughout the day enables all individuals to include themselves at some point or another. Legislation states that individuals must have choice and ensure the activities are appropriate for age, genders, and cultures. The outcomes from these have to be achievable, ensuring individuals do not feel belittled or restrained. Individuals must have the opportunity to exercise their choice in relation to: leisure and social activities and cultural interests; food, meals and mealtimes; routines of daily living; personal and social relationships; Religious observance. The outcome must find the lifestyle experienced in the home matches their expectations and preferences, and satisfies their social, cultural, religious and recreational interests and needs. interests are to be recorded in care plans and that they were given opportunities for stimulation through leisure and recreational activities in and outside the home which suit their needs, preferences and capacities; particular consideration should be given to people with dementia and other cognitive impairments, those with visual, hearing or dual sensory impairments, those with physical disabilities or learning disabilities. When supporting others in the implementation of daily activities it is important they treat individuals with dignity and respect. That they encourage inclusion and allow individuals to do as much as possible for themselves. They also need to respect individuals who do not want to be included in group activities and mealtimes. Some individuals may prefer to  eat in privacy, by respecting their rights, choices and preferences. Some individuals may need more support than other, for instance if playing bingo they may not be able to mark the numbers off or see the card properly. Supporting these individuals is important for their wellbeing and to enable them to participate. Ensuring staffing levels are adequate so that workers are able to encourage and assist active participation without causing undue stress to staff members or residents. Each individual has the freedom of choice, this should be respected. An individual may not want to join in a certain activity but no others, for instance exercise or stimulation classes, All of these need to be specified in the care plan for each individual. By getting feedback and involving everyone in the decision process I can implement activities for everyone. Certain activities may need to involve numerous risk assessments to reduce risks but still allowing the individual to safely participate. Systems put in place will ensure all questions relating to each individual are clear and precise and cover all aspects of their needs, preferences and choices. No assumptions should be made and neither should anyone be forced to participate in anything they do not want to. Reviewing daily activities is important as individuals may become bored and activities become stagnant, less stimulating over time and frequency. When individuals participate a log should be made of how they participated and what level of participation was involved, these go into the care plans and activity log sheets. A quiz for instance may be easier for some but hard for others, by ensuring all levels are catered for by dividing classes or varying quiz questions for different groups. Reviews are made weekly when activities are organised for the week ahead, circumstances may arise that require a daily review. If new individuals become home members or the dynamics change. Positive group livings are established by ensuring individuals are supported to remain independent, given choices. By ensuring staff remain happy and supported in supporting individuals. Listening to individual’s preferences, choices and needs and maintaining a calm, warm and welcoming environment.  The decoration, cleanliness and staff all play a huge part in ensuring a positive atmosphere/establishment. Group living can promote positive outcomes for individuals due to the fact they are with other likeminded individuals, socialising each day, stimulating and building new relationships. They can be monitored more closely compared to living alone in the community. Friends and groups encourage each other and they have access to constant support. By living in an environment that is focuses on quality care whilst encouraging individuals to remain independent. Through group activities individuals are less likely to see a goal as a hurdle, it is more enjoyable as a group and tends to forget they are actually working towards a goal or find it easier as a group, having support encouragement from others. If an individual has mental health issues and tends to become depressed and withdrawn, we are able to work towards a positive outcome within a group living environment by supporting them to socialise, less likely to become withdrawn, there is more support available for them. If an individual tends to have frequent falls due to the fact they neglect to use a walking aid, through group living the risk could be reduced by the constant reminder/prompting to use a walking aid and monitoring of their wellbeing and current health conditions. Group living can have a positive impact on individuals if the right conditions and support is readily available. Each individual is encouraged and supported to maintain relationships by activities, group talks and staff members interacting with them. When individuals build relationships this is maintained by seating and setting but not to the point that it disinclines others or creates a divide. Creating divides creates problems, therefore this should be discouraged. Creating an open warm caring environment starts with the staff and generally flows towards residents, encouraging individuals to accept and understand other individuals they live with. Having days out, meetings and group talks and activities encourages individuals to build relationships and maintain them, by dealing with problems and issues as and when they arise, fairly and  openly. When conflicts arise they should be dealt with fairly and non-judgemental. Looking at each individual’s aspect of how they view and how they feel, by encouraging resolve and not allowing conflict to cause divides or non resolutions must be adapted. A conflict arose where 2 individuals who had previously been very close friends argued when it came to mealtimes; one was unable to sit by the window due to her dislike of watching people walk past whilst she ate her meal. The other loved sitting by the window, neither of them had explained to each other their reasons. By getting both of them together after speaking to each individual first we were able to come to a resolve and they were more understanding of each other’s needs and choices. By seeing this they both sat where they wanted and built further relationships with other residents. It is important to have working schedules and patterns in group living so that individuals have continuity of care. Assigning workers to groups of individuals and ensuring staffs are not over worked is also imperative to not only their wellbeing but the wellbeing of the residents. There are times when schedules will affect residents such as mealtimes, activity times and times when staffs need to attend team meetings. Fill care plans in and ensure the home is running smoothly. It is at these times that I need to ensure staffing levels are adequate and residents are still tended to. By having a good rota structure, staff that is reliable and choosing the best times that suit not only staff but also the residents. You cannot make individuals go to the toilet at the same time or have meals at set times. Baths and other necessities that individuals need, this would be institutional abuse, therefore maintaining good staff levels and been prepared for unforeseen circumstances are so importa nt, this will contribute to the smooth running of the home and environment. Changes to schedules are made when staff members who possibly do better at certain times of the working day to others. For instance one staff member whose shift patterns are late but they appear to be able to encourage individuals to participate in activities or certain activities. Then they  would be moved. By knowing my staffs strengths and weaknesses I am best able to place them in shifts that are organised around activities, days out or other requirements. Another instance is a certain individual may become accustomed to a certain staff member and prefer them to bath her/him. All of these things need to be taken into account when rota’s/schedules are being prepared. Meal times, activity times and such alike will need more staffing. Evening and bedtimes also require staffing levels to be adequate. If schedules/rota’s are looked at properly and ensuring there is sufficient levels for unforeseen circumstances/having a contingency plan in place helps and if good communication is made with staff then these can easily be resolved. Ensuring staff have a good development plan and supporting staff in training and knowledge is so important. This ensures staffs do not become stagnant in progression/ knowledge. In house training is beneficial so that staff can address current issues with current residents. However sending staff on training courses will also be just as beneficial, but training is a requirement that needs to be maintained. Staff have to be trained in the right areas: NVQs, Moving and handling, POVA, Medication, Health and safety, First Aid amongst others. By supporting staff in training and ensuring there is room for progression within the workforce staff retention and further progression will have a knock on effect for residents, ensuring the best care practises that are up to date. Whilst it is good for care staff to build a relationship with residents it is important they maintain professional boundaries. I support them in doing this by maintain professionalism at all times, I ensure I deal with any concerns appropriately and if needed involve family members of the individual. By explaining to individuals the reason we are supporting them and why relationships need to remain professional between workers and residents is for their best interests so that both staff and residents are able to make the best decisions without emotional attachments. Obviously there will always be a level of attachment but by maintaining a professional  one, individuals are less likely to ask staff for things or to help with needs that are not within their remit or put either party at risk of say abuse, neglect Etc. The last thing anyone wants is a worker or staff member to get attached to the level where either party feels obliged to do something and then keep secrets. This puts both parties at risk and does not give a good example to others. By setting our clear professional boundaries to staff and toward residents helps maintain clarity, I give examples of why it is important to maintain these and the risks should these not be maintained. Supervisions and appraisals all go towards this process and these are regularly maintained for the benefit of staff and business. Residential care is not a cheap option. Because it caters for those with complex disabilities, a high degree of dependency needs for intensive staff support and supervision, or for high levels of professional skill and expertise. It must be properly resourced to be safe and effective; this is not to say that residential care may not be the most economical way of providing proper support for some groups of people with extensive or complex needs. But care on the cheap will generally be bad care, and will often do more harm than good. Residential care requires adequate funding, and a clear framework of quality controls and quality assurance to ensure high standards of service and practice. I have a responsibility to see that the residential service is well-managed and staff at all levels properly equipped through training and development programmes for the task they have to do. A framework of external regulation, registration and independent inspection is essential, including the General Social Care Council, if the public is to have confidence in the standards of care, conduct and practice competence provided. Providing a positive group living environment starts with the management of the home and maintaining this environment, staff training and interaction. By ensuring and training staff to encourage choice, preferences and encourage the residents to remain as independent as possible, ensuring adequate monitoring of staff, supervisions and appraisals remind staff to adhere to care practises. A short summary of what you have written or the conclusions you have come to: I have come to the conclusion it is imperative for the individuals whom live in residential care to remain as independent as possible. That they are involved in the decision process of their care, daily activities and the home environment. The boxes will expand to fit as much as you want to type in them. When you have finished first go back and proof read what you have done, checking for spelling, punctuation and grammar errors. Then read it through with the criteria next to you and show, by putting the criteria number in the end column, where you have covered the criteria.

School Climate Analysis

How important is a school’s climate to student success? Research suggests that it is a key element in influencing student achievement, second only to quality instruction. A school’s climate has the ability to either support or impede learning greatly. School climate refers to the â€Å"day to day operational procedures which determine the culture of a school: warm, friendly, cold, supportive, helpful, etc. †(Federal Way Public Schools, n. d. , figure 30) To what extent does a school’s climate affect student learning, and how can a school’s climate be improved? Let us take a loser look. School climate is a significant element in today’s schools. Positive climates can solve problems such as bullying, inter-student conflict, suicide, and character education; however, there are many things in our society today that interfere with school climates. This includes decreased family values, increased tolerance to violence on television and in video games, and an overall breakdown in communication between parents, students, and schools. Schools must continually work to overcome these barriers. The social emotional climate of schools is predictive of mother’s reports of their school age children’s alcohol use and psychiatric problems. Research has also revealed a relationship between school climate and student self-concept. †(Center For Social and Emotional Education [CSEE], n. d. , p. 1) Schools with positive climates have fewer students with anxiety, depression, and loneliness. A positive, nurturing school climate also lea ds to effective risk prevention and health promotion. In a positive school climate the people within the organization feel a connectedness to one another. That connectedness is a powerful predictor of adolescent health and academic success. â€Å"Safe, caring, participatory and responsive school climates tend to foster great attachment to school, as well as providing the optimal foundation for social, emotional, and academic learning. Numerous studies have shown that positive school climates lead to higher grades, engagement, attendance, expectations and aspirations, a sense of scholastic competence, fewer school suspensions, and on-time progression through grades. (Michigan State University, 2004, p. ) In order to significantly improve student behavior and academic performance, schools must improve their overall climate. There are four main elements that impact school climate. They are as follows: A physical environment that is welcoming and conductive to learning, a social environment that promotes communication and interaction, an affective environment that promotes a sense of belonging and self-esteem, and an academic environment that promotes learning and self-fulfillment. (Michigan State University, 2004, p. ) These four environments cannot operate independently of one another. Each is interrelated to the others. How can school climate be improved? Change requires â€Å"moving individuals and organizations along a continuum from ‘at risk’ to ‘safe’ to ‘thriving’. This process takes time to accomplish. †(Michigan State University, 2004, p. 6) The new federal legislation of the No Child Left Behind Act is essentially a long-term effort to change school culture, requiring teachers and schools to be held accountable, and adopting the notion that all students can and must learn. Change begins with the superintendant of the district and the central administration, along with backing from the school board. â€Å"Their decisions on building size, budget allocations, selection of staff, as well as communication of the school district’s mission, training priorities, and promotional activities, all play a part in encouraging change. †(Michigan State University, p. 6) Other approaches to change at the school level include increasing the number of counselors and mentors in schools, and using smaller teacher-student ratios. It is also important to note that many schools are moving away from competition in favor of cooperation to avoid having winners and losers. In addition, schools need to provide professional development on such issues as cultural and class differences, emotional needs of other children, parental involvement, and bullying and harassment. Research also suggests that schools should provide â€Å"multiple and varied opportunities to participate in extracurricular activities. †(Michigan State University, p. 7) The physical appearance of the facility is another important component of school climate. While it is common sense that teachers and students feel better about themselves when working and learning in an inviting and pleasant environment, research also supports this fact. A well-designed learning environment sends the message that learning is important. â€Å"Not only does a school’s architecture signal what is important; a school’s architecture also motivates students and employees, provides a message of deeper purposes and values, and can tie a community together. (Holt & Smith, n. d. , p. 53) Interestingly enough, even though research suggests that the physical environment is an indicator of school climate, a report issued by the National Center for Education Statistics indicates that three out of every four existing public school buildings is in need of repair. Another important element in school climate lies in the decision making process. Schools that promote shar ed decision making have a greater sense of belonging among staff members and stakeholders, and therefore promote a more positive and cohesive school climate. Shared decision making also promotes mutual support and ongoing communication between staff members as well as members of the community. This type of decision making increases school climate because it increases the level of trust among stakeholders. â€Å"Trust is developed when people come to expect and predict the way others will act. When a school commits the time and energy to involve stakeholders in developing shared organizational values and people live out the shared values on a day-to-day basis, conjecture and suspicions about actions are dispelled. (Else, 2000, p. 1) It is important for schools to continually assess the overall climates within their organization. There are various instruments designed for this purpose. Most of these instruments are surveys that are designed for students, teachers, and parents. Results of these surveys are then analyzed and disaggregated to assess the overall climate, and identify areas of improvement. Although classroom level measures may be appropriate for the assessment of schools at the elementary level, this is not the case for middle and high school. The students at this level move throughout the day from classroom to classroom, are surrounded by many different groups of peers, and are confronted with varying teaching styles. For this reason middle and high schools require assessment measures that capture student’s experiences throughout the entire school day. Assessing school climate and using that data to identify areas of concern is, and should be, as important as test data in today’s schools. In this week’s reading, we read about a scenario that is present in many schools around the country. That is dysfunctional thinking. In this scenario, veteran teachers and new teachers are facing off in deconstructive power struggles. Because of their varying levels of experience, and their different eras, they do not see eye to eye. In this scenario, the new teacher obviously is better equipped to chair the event. She has had experience doing this event in the past, and she has demonstrated her competency in the area. The veteran teacher doesn’t really want to chair the event; she just doesn’t want a new teacher to have that kind of control. As an administrator, I would initiate a conversation with this veteran teacher. Seeing as she is very popular among the staff, this would have to be handled carefully. The conversation would begin with a sincere appreciation for everything she does, as teachers need to be recognized for their contributions; however, I would stand firm on my decision to assign the newer teacher, Mrs. Farmington, as the chair of the event. The information presented on the table on page 71 of our textbook would provide useful information when handling this situation. It would be important for the administrator to understand, and be respectful of, each individual’s background and values. It is important for an administrator to acquire the commitment of their followers, and based on how this scenario is acted upon, it could enhance or interfere with that commitment. The dialogue that takes place between the administrator and the veteran teacher must be well thought out and respectful. In addition, the newer teacher, too, must be made aware of the importance of allowing for shared decision making throughout her event, and allow for the veteran teachers to be heard and made a valuable a part of the event as well. In conclusion, students learn best when they are in an environment that is physically and emotionally safe. Teachers teach best when they are working in an environment in which they feel valued and connected. Parents feel secure sending their students to school when they know their children are being cared for and given quality instruction. Today so many parents have trouble trusting in their children’s schools, and too often circumstances arise where parents and schools are battling one another. This is not constructive to school climate, and is not in the best interest of children. It is important for all stakeholders to share the decision making process so that everyone has a vested interest in the overall well-being of the school climate. Teachers, parents, and administrators should be partners, working together to ensure that students needs is being met, and that they are academically successful. At the end of the day, we all want the same thing, and that is what is best for our children. Working together, rather that independently, is the best way to make this happen. In the words of the old African proverb, it takes a village to raise a child. Our schools, along with parents, are the â€Å"village† that our children need. References Center For Social and Emotional Education (n.d.). School Climate Research Summary. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://nscc.csee.net/effective/school_climate_research_summary.pdf Else, D. (2000). School-Based Shared Decision Making. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.uni.edu/coe/iel/sdsum.html Federal Way Public Schools (n.d.). Federal Way Public Schools Glossary of Terms. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.fwps.org/info/glossary Holt, C. R., & Smith, R. M. (n.d.). The Relationship Between School Climate and Student Success. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://normes.uark.edu/erps/erps_journal/ERPS%20VOL%202%20N2/pdf/52-64.pdf Michigan State University (2004). Best Practice Briefs: School Climate and Learning. Retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://outreach.msu.edu/bpbriefs/issues/brief31.pdf